高中英语语法

4) as

As用于先行词前有as, so, such, the same修饰的限制性定语从句.

You can take as many books as you need.

(二) 关系副词when, where, why（在句中作状语）

1. when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语

(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.

(2) The time when we got together finally came.

2. where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语

(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.

(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.

3. why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语

(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.

(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.

注意：关系副词引导的从句可以由“介词+关系代词”引导的从句替换

(1) The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear,

(2) From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted when he grew up.

注意：介词+关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中做介词宾语时

1. 含有介词的动词短语一般不拆开使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等

(1) This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T)

(2) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F)

2. 若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时用whom，不可用who或者that；指物时用which，不能用that；关系代词是所有格时用whose

(1) The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T)

(2) The man with that you talked is my friend. (F)

3. “介词+关系代词”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代词或者数词

(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(2) In the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.

4. 介词后面的关系词不能省略。

5. 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。例如：

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.

This is the house where I lived two years ago.

Do you remember the day on which you joined our club？

Do you remember the day when you joined our club？

二、限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

一)限制性定语从句

限制性定语从句用来修饰和限定先行词,与先行词的关系非常密切,不用逗号和主句隔开.它所修饰的先行词代表一个或一类特定的人或物,说明先行词的性质,特征,身份等状况,如果去掉,则意思含混不清.

A doctor is a person who cures patients.

This is the house which I bought last year.

二) 非限制性定语从句

顾名思义就是对先行词没有特别限定的从句,常由who, whom, which, whose, as, when, where 等关系词引导.。它的作用是对所修饰的成分作进一步说明，通常是引导词和先行词之间用逗号隔开，将从句拿掉后其他部分仍可成立.。翻译时常常不译作定语，而是译成与主句并列的句子。

1. 当关系代词指代整个主句内容时，用非限制性定语从句。

2. 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.

3. 当出现some/many/few/a few/most/half of等结构时，常用非限制性定语从句。

4. 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.

5. 在非限定性定语从句中，不能用关系副词why和关系代词that，而用who, whom代表人，用which, whose代表事物.；

三、判断关系代词与关系副词　

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。不及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系副词或者是介词加关系代词；而及物动词后接宾语，则要求用关系代词。例如：　

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.　

I'll never forget the days when I worked together with you.　

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

四、应用定语从句的注意事项

(一) 关系代词和关系副词的省略

1. 关系代词的省略

1) 关系代词在从句中作宾语时可以省略

I have been to the city twice (that/which)you just visited.

2) 关系代词在从句中作表语时可以省略

The village is not the one (that)it was years ago.

3) 关系代词在从句中作介词的宾语,而介词在从句句尾时可以省略.

Generation gap is a problem(which/that) people are interested in.

2. 关系副词的省略

1）先行词the place后的关系副词可省略。

That’s the place (where) he lived when he was in Paris.

2) 先行词the reason后面的关系副词或省略。

That’s the reason (why) I asked you to come.

3) 当先行词是way时，关系副词常常可以省略。

I don’t like the way (that) you speak to me.

(二) 先行词有下列情况或附有下列修饰语时, 通常关系代词用that

1)先行词是all， no， none， everyone， something， much， little等。

2)先行词前有序数词,形容词最高级，the last， the same， the only等。

3)如果先行词中既含有表示人的名词又有表示物的名词时。

4)若主句中有疑问代词who，which 为了避免重复, 关系代词不要再用who， which

（三）下列情况中通常不用that

1) 关系代词前有介词时

2）在非限制性定语从句中

3）先行词本身就是that时，

What is that which flashed in the sky just now?

4) 先行词是指人的不定代词时

One who has nothing to fear dares to tell the truth.

5) 当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时

The boy was crying hard who lost his way.

（四）as, which引导的非限定性定语从句　

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。　

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　

The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.　

as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：　

(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。　

(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one's health.　

As is known, smoking is harmful to one's health.　

As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

注意：“as/which”特殊定语从句的语义功能

关系代词as和which引导的定语从句as和which引导非限制性定语从句，有相同之处也有不同之处。具体情况是：

1. As和which都可以在定语从句中做主语或者宾语，代表前面整个句子。

(1) He married her, as/which was natural.

2. as 引导非限制性定语从句, 可放在主句之前, 或者主句之后, 甚至可以切割一个主句; which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后. 另外，as有“正如……, 正像……”的意思

(1) As is known to all, China is a developing country.

(2) He is from the south, as we can see from his accent.

(3) John, as you know, is a famous writer.

注意：当主句和从句存在逻辑上的因果关系时，常用which

(4) Tom was always late for school, which made his teacher angry.

3. 当先行词受such, the same修饰时，常用as

(1) I have never heard such a story as he tells.

(2) He is not such a fool as he looks.

(3) This is the same book as I lost last week.

注意：当先行词由the same修饰时，偶尔也用that引导定语从句，但是和由as所引导的定语从句意思不同

(4) She wore the same dress that she wore at Mary’s wedding.

(5) She wore the same dress as her young sister wore.

注意：定语从句such…as …与结果状语从句such… that…的区别：as在所引导的定语从句中作主语，宾语；that在结果状语从句中不做成分

(6)He has such a good laptop as I want to buy.

(7)He has such a good laptop that I want to buy one.

五、定语从句的难点分析

区分定语从句和同位语从句

1. 先行词不同.同位语从句的先行词常是一些具有具体内容或一定内涵的名词.如idea, fact, news, hope, word, belief, suggestion, truth等.而定语从句的先行词可以是名词,代词,主句的一部分或是整个主句.

(1) Word came that he had been abroad. 同位语从句

(2) The doctor whom you are looking for is in the room. 定语从句

2. 从句表达的含义不同

定语从句是对其先行词的修饰或限制,属于形容词性从句的范畴; 而同位语从句是前面抽象名词的进一步解释和说明, 属于名词性从句的范畴.

(1) The news he told me is true. 定语从句

(2) The news that he has just died is true. 同位语从句

3. that引导的同位语从句和定语从句的区别.

That引导定语从句时,在从句中作主语或宾语,指物时还可以用which来代替.并且作宾语时常常省略.that在同位语从句中不充当任何成分,并且不能省略,也不能用which来代替.

(1) The idea that we could ask the teacher for advice is wonderful. 同位语

(2) The idea that/which he gave me sounds great.

常考题型

★一星考点

1. 关系代词和关系副词的基本用法

【题目1】They had a meeting ___ purpose was completely unclear.

A which B that C whose D what

【答案】C

【解析】此题考查定从关系代词whose的用法，通过分析先行词meeting和后面从句的意思，发现应该填关系代词whose。

【题目2】She was a foreign teacher ___ I saw at the English corner.

A whom B that C who D which

【答案】A

【解析】此题考查定从关系代词whom，通过分析从句可发现少宾语，且指人，所以用关系代词whom。

2. 非限制性定从

【题目1】Four other girls did the same, two of ______stopped playing football completely（2015年高三一模虹口区）

【答案】whom

【解析】此题考查定语从句之非限制性定从，有逗号所以判断是非限，先行词指人，所以用whom。

【题目2】The key is to concentrate, _____ helps a lot to repeat words such as ‘ calm’, ‘peace’ or ‘focus’, either out loud or silently in my mind when I feel tense.（2015年

高三一模虹 口区）

【答案】which

【解析】此题考查定语从句之非限制性定从，有逗号所以判断是非限，先行词指物，所以用which。

★★二星考点

1. 定语从句之关系代词that的特殊用法

【题目1】Is oxygen the only gas ____ helps fire burn?

A. that B. / C. which D. it

【答案】 A

【解析】此题考查定语从句之关系代词that的特殊用法，先行词有only，所以只能用that。

【题目2】There is only one thing __________ I can do.

A. what B. that C. all D. which

【答案】 B

【解析】此题考查定语从句之关系代词that的特殊用法，先行词有only，所以只能用that。

【题目3】I like the second football match __________ was held last week.

A. which B. who C. that D. /

【答案】C

【解析】此题考查定语从句之关系代词that的特殊用法，先行词有序数词second，所以只能用that。

2. 定语从句之介词+which或whom的用法

【题目1】Gun control is a subject. ___ Americans have argued for a long time.

A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which

【答案】C

【解析】此题考查定语从句关系词加介词的用法，根据从句后的动词argue判断用介词about，所以选C。

【题目2】Villagers here depend on the fishing industry.____ there won’t be much work.（08 上海春招）

A. where B. that C. by which D. without which

【答案】D

【解析】此题考查定语从句关系词加介词的用法，根据句意判断判断用介词without，所以选D。

3. As引导的定语从句

【题目1】I travel to the Binhai New Area by light railway every day, _______ do many

businessmen who live in downtown Tianjin. （09天津）

A. as B. which C. when D. though

【答案】A

【解析】此题考查as引导的非限制性定从，意为“正如”。As可放句首也可放句中。

【题目2】The Beatles, __________ many of you are old enough to remember, came from

Liverpool. （06天津）

A. what B. that C. how D. as

【答案】B

【解析】此题考查as引导的非限制性定从，意为“正如”。As可放句首也可放句中。

END

▍素材来源：网络

▍免责声明：本文所有图文均来自网络，仅供学习交流使用，版权归原作者所有，如有侵权烦请告知，我们会立即删除并表示歉意。谢谢返回搜狐，查看更多